建設海綿城市：重新設計洛杉磯應對長期干旱
20世紀40年代工程師們把洛杉磯河變成了一條狹窄的混凝土通道，在1938年的一場洪水摧毀了我們的家園并奪走了100多人的生命之后。
幾千年來，城市的規(guī)劃者們?yōu)榱俗屗�，設計了各種溝渠。
生命之水4.0的作者David Sedlak說：“這確實是現(xiàn)代水利基礎設施的核心。”古羅馬人給我們的想法。把水收集到城市郊區(qū)的某個地方，我們利用重力將水輸送給城市，然后在我們將水處理之后，再通過下水道把它輸送到地下或把它送到它該去的地方。
這是大多數(shù)城市設計的方式，在洛杉磯你可以聽到那古老的管道的祈禱，雨水回應了他們上個月在極度干旱中的祈禱，但是，當雨水從屋頂上滑落下來進入下水道時，那寶貴的水就浪費了。
洛杉磯的一些設計者認為水資源短缺是一個挑戰(zhàn)也是一個機會，他們說：一場傾盆大雨應該被收集，把他們變成飲用水和用于澆灌。
但是大多數(shù)的時候，這些雨水被驅逐，把他們排到了河里送進了海洋。
如果你跟隨一滴雨從天上落到洛杉磯的人行道上，最終你會在洛杉磯河里，這并不是一條真正的河。在十九世紀40年代，工程師把它變成了一個狹窄的混凝土通道。今天，它更像是一個長灘港被清空的一個51英里長的浴缸。
皮艇向導Steve Appleton說：洛杉磯河僅僅只是有一條河的名字而已。
事實上，它是一個防洪通道，這就是為什么在河邊標識著禁止任何娛樂。在一場暴雨中，所有的雨水通過下水管道被輸送到了這里。
當然，這條河有一次比皮劃艇項目更危險，在它被改造成一條混凝土溝渠之前，洛杉磯河隨時可能有洪水災難。并且在1938年，整個城鎮(zhèn)都被淹沒，有超過100多人喪生。
隨著洛杉磯河被混凝土覆蓋，Appleton 說：“它穩(wěn)定了這一不斷的威脅。”
城市發(fā)展到了河的邊緣，在河的洪泛區(qū)域內(nèi)建設。
今天的問題是這個城市需要雨水，不能再像以前一樣把雨水送進海洋了。將近80%的加利福尼亞州是極端干旱的。
因此現(xiàn)在有一個呼吁，建設像海綿一樣的城市。
Over住在埃爾默大道上，一個工薪階層社區(qū)。城市花了270萬美元，在街上鋪設透水車道和時尚的耐旱園林綠化。
“我希望所有的區(qū)域都像這一樣”居民Rick Martin說：“我無法想象他們會為了整個城市花如此多的錢。”
如果他們這么做了Hadley Arnold 會非常喜歡的。Hadley Arnold是干旱地區(qū)研究協(xié)會的創(chuàng)始人，伯班克伍德伯里大學的一個非營利性組織，致力于研究古羅馬人城市建設的想法--盡可能的吸收每一滴雨水。
“在洛杉磯的大部分地區(qū)，我們必須將一部分雨水盡快的輸送出去”Arnold說：“讓他們進入暴雨儲水池，不讓它流入大海。”
在未來，我們將把水多次利用，我們可能有多個等級的水域
�。ǜ珊低恋匮芯繀f(xié)會）
艾爾默大道是個實驗性區(qū)域，讓它滲透下去“把雨水作為一種寶貴資源”Hadley Arnold補充道。
沿人行道是所謂的生態(tài)草溝-一個充滿耐干旱植物溝。下雨的時候，水收集并過濾到埋在街道下面的水池。
Arnold說：“在一個普通的降雨年份，這個區(qū)塊為大約30個家庭提供每年所需的水。
干旱土地研究協(xié)會要把這個規(guī)模擴大，它已經(jīng)繪制了這一片區(qū)域，幫助開發(fā)者找到滲水儲水最好的地區(qū)。
對Arnold來說，這是一個宏偉的城市設計挑戰(zhàn)的一部分。她說埃爾默大道上的屋頂是專為雪和冰而設計的，而不是沙漠，他們應該重新設計。
她說：“屋頂像是對著天空張開的大大的嘴巴，屋頂應該是一個杯子或碗，或一把顛倒的傘。”
這項新設計將有助于留住盡可能多的雨水。
她說：水管應該更聰明，這意味著我們不應該用我們能喝的水沖洗廁所。
她說：“在未來，我們應將水多次利用，我們可能有多個等級的水域。”
Arnold想象著整個城市設計，像一塊海綿。這是一個計劃，可能會驚訝到William Mulholland的工程師，他們策劃了加利福尼亞的供水系統(tǒng)。Mulholland城中一個大的羅馬風格的噴泉給人們留下深刻的印象
站在噴泉旁邊，Arnold想知道一個更干燥的未來的紀念碑是什么樣子的。
Arnold說：“我們?nèi)祟愂掷锏耐跖剖莿?chuàng)新能力，而我認為現(xiàn)在我們面前的最大問題就是我們所做的速度，我們能做得夠快嗎？”
英文版
Building Sponge City: Redesigning LA For Long-Term Drought
Engineers turned it into a narrow concrete channel in the 1940s, after a flood destroyed homes and left 100 people dead in 1938.
For thousands of years, city planners have engineered water into submission — think aqueducts.
"That's really the core of modern water infrastructure," says David Sedlak, the author of Water 4.0. "It's the ancient idea that the Romans gave us. Collecting water somewhere on the outskirts of the city, sending it with gravity into the city, and then when we're done with it, we put it back underground in a sewer and send on its way."
It's the way most cities are designed. And you can hear the echoes of that ancient plumbing in Los Angeles, where rain answered prayers last month amid an epic drought. But that precious water is wasted when it slides off roofs and into sewers.
Some urban designers in LA see water scarcity as an opportunity. They say a downpour could be captured, turned into drinking water and used for irrigation.
But most of the time, it's banished — sent to a river and out to the ocean.
If you were to follow a drop of rain from the sky and onto an LA sidewalk, eventually you'd end up at the mouth of the Los Angeles River, which isn't really a river. Engineers turned it into a narrow concrete channel in the 1940s. Today, it's more like a 51-mile-long bathtub that empties out at the port of Long Beach.
Kayak guide Steve Appleton says this is a river in name only.
But really, it's a flood-control channel, which is why signs on the river prohibit anything recreational. In a rainstorm, all that runoff from the sewers could surge through the channel.
Of course, this river was once dangerous to more than kayakers. Before it was channelized, the?LA river could flood disastrously. Entire towns were wiped out, and in 1938, more than 100 people died.
With the river caged by concrete, "it stabilized this constant threat," Appleton says.
The city could develop right up to the river's edge, paving over the floodplain in the process.
The problem today is the city needs that rain. It can't afford to just send it out into the ocean anymore. Almost 80 percent of California is in extreme drought. （That's a technical term, just one notch shy of "exceptional" drought.）
And so there's a call now to build cities like sponges.
Over on Elmer Avenue, a working-class neighborhood, the city spent $2.7 million to make over the street with permeable driveways and snazzy drought-tolerant landscaping.
"I'd like all the blocks to look like this," says resident Rick Martin. "I can't imagine they would spend this kind of money for the whole city."
Hadley Arnold would love it if they did. She's the co-founder of the?Arid Lands Institute, a nonprofit based at Woodbury University in Burbank dedicated to the decidedly non-ancient Roman idea that cities should, wherever possible,?soak up every raindrop.
"In most of our neighborhoods in Los Angeles, we are required to send some stormwater off of our properties as fast as possible," Arnold says. "Get it into a storm drain, get it out to sea."
"In the future, we will be using water multiple times, and we will probably have multiple-grade waters."
Hadley Arnold, Arid Lands Institute
Elmer Avenue is an experimental block that soaks it up "to treat it as a precious resource," she adds.
Along each sidewalk is what's called a bioswale — a gully filled with drought-resistant plants. When it rains, the water collects and filters down into cisterns buried below the street.
"In an average rain year, this block puts enough water for approximately 30 families for a year into the ground," Arnold says.
The Arid Lands Institute would like to scale this up. It has mapped the region to help developers find the best spots for water to percolate down.
To Arnold, this is part of a grand urban design challenge. She says the peaked roofs on Elmer Avenue are designed for snow and ice, not the desert, and that they should be redesigned.
"Roofs that are like a wide mouth open to the sky," she says. "Roofs that are like a cup or a bowl, or an umbrella turned upside down."
This new design would help catch as much rain as possible.
And plumbing should be smarter, she says, meaning we should not be flushing our toilets with water we could drink.
"In the future, we will be using water multiple times, and we will probably have multiple-grade waters," she says.
Arnold imagines an entire city designed like this, like a sponge. It's a plan that might have surprised William Mulholland,the engineer who masterminded California's water system. Mulholland is memorialized by the city with a big Roman-style fountain.
Standing by the fountain, Arnold also wonders what the monuments of a much drier future might look like.
"The ace in our species pocket is the ability to innovate," Arnold says. "And I think the single biggest question in front of us right now is the rate at which we do it. Can we do it fast enough, given the urgency?"
來源：中國水工業(yè)網(wǎng)
珠海深圳入選第二批海綿城市試點
20世紀40年代工程師們把洛杉磯河變成了一條狹窄的混凝土通道，在1938年的一場洪水摧毀了我們的家園并奪走了100多人的生命之后。
幾千年來，城市的規(guī)劃者們?yōu)榱俗屗�，設計了各種溝渠。
生命之水4.0的作者David Sedlak說：“這確實是現(xiàn)代水利基礎設施的核心。”古羅馬人給我們的想法。把水收集到城市郊區(qū)的某個地方，我們利用重力將水輸送給城市，然后在我們將水處理之后，再通過下水道把它輸送到地下或把它送到它該去的地方。
這是大多數(shù)城市設計的方式，在洛杉磯你可以聽到那古老的管道的祈禱，雨水回應了他們上個月在極度干旱中的祈禱，但是，當雨水從屋頂上滑落下來進入下水道時，那寶貴的水就浪費了。
洛杉磯的一些設計者認為水資源短缺是一個挑戰(zhàn)也是一個機會，他們說：一場傾盆大雨應該被收集，把他們變成飲用水和用于澆灌。
但是大多數(shù)的時候，這些雨水被驅逐，把他們排到了河里送進了海洋。
如果你跟隨一滴雨從天上落到洛杉磯的人行道上，最終你會在洛杉磯河里，這并不是一條真正的河。在十九世紀40年代，工程師把它變成了一個狹窄的混凝土通道。今天，它更像是一個長灘港被清空的一個51英里長的浴缸。
皮艇向導Steve Appleton說：洛杉磯河僅僅只是有一條河的名字而已。
事實上，它是一個防洪通道，這就是為什么在河邊標識著禁止任何娛樂。在一場暴雨中，所有的雨水通過下水管道被輸送到了這里。
當然，這條河有一次比皮劃艇項目更危險，在它被改造成一條混凝土溝渠之前，洛杉磯河隨時可能有洪水災難。并且在1938年，整個城鎮(zhèn)都被淹沒，有超過100多人喪生。
隨著洛杉磯河被混凝土覆蓋，Appleton 說：“它穩(wěn)定了這一不斷的威脅。”
城市發(fā)展到了河的邊緣，在河的洪泛區(qū)域內(nèi)建設。
今天的問題是這個城市需要雨水，不能再像以前一樣把雨水送進海洋了。將近80%的加利福尼亞州是極端干旱的。
因此現(xiàn)在有一個呼吁，建設像海綿一樣的城市。
Over住在埃爾默大道上，一個工薪階層社區(qū)。城市花了270萬美元，在街上鋪設透水車道和時尚的耐旱園林綠化。
“我希望所有的區(qū)域都像這一樣”居民Rick Martin說：“我無法想象他們會為了整個城市花如此多的錢。”
如果他們這么做了Hadley Arnold 會非常喜歡的。Hadley Arnold是干旱地區(qū)研究協(xié)會的創(chuàng)始人，伯班克伍德伯里大學的一個非營利性組織，致力于研究古羅馬人城市建設的想法--盡可能的吸收每一滴雨水。
“在洛杉磯的大部分地區(qū)，我們必須將一部分雨水盡快的輸送出去”Arnold說：“讓他們進入暴雨儲水池，不讓它流入大海。”
在未來，我們將把水多次利用，我們可能有多個等級的水域
�。ǜ珊低恋匮芯繀f(xié)會）
艾爾默大道是個實驗性區(qū)域，讓它滲透下去“把雨水作為一種寶貴資源”Hadley Arnold補充道。
沿人行道是所謂的生態(tài)草溝-一個充滿耐干旱植物溝。下雨的時候，水收集并過濾到埋在街道下面的水池。
Arnold說：“在一個普通的降雨年份，這個區(qū)塊為大約30個家庭提供每年所需的水。
干旱土地研究協(xié)會要把這個規(guī)模擴大，它已經(jīng)繪制了這一片區(qū)域，幫助開發(fā)者找到滲水儲水最好的地區(qū)。
對Arnold來說，這是一個宏偉的城市設計挑戰(zhàn)的一部分。她說埃爾默大道上的屋頂是專為雪和冰而設計的，而不是沙漠，他們應該重新設計。
她說：“屋頂像是對著天空張開的大大的嘴巴，屋頂應該是一個杯子或碗，或一把顛倒的傘。”
這項新設計將有助于留住盡可能多的雨水。
她說：水管應該更聰明，這意味著我們不應該用我們能喝的水沖洗廁所。
她說：“在未來，我們應將水多次利用，我們可能有多個等級的水域。”
Arnold想象著整個城市設計，像一塊海綿。這是一個計劃，可能會驚訝到William Mulholland的工程師，他們策劃了加利福尼亞的供水系統(tǒng)。Mulholland城中一個大的羅馬風格的噴泉給人們留下深刻的印象
站在噴泉旁邊，Arnold想知道一個更干燥的未來的紀念碑是什么樣子的。
Arnold說：“我們?nèi)祟愂掷锏耐跖剖莿?chuàng)新能力，而我認為現(xiàn)在我們面前的最大問題就是我們所做的速度，我們能做得夠快嗎？”
英文版
Building Sponge City: Redesigning LA For Long-Term Drought
Engineers turned it into a narrow concrete channel in the 1940s, after a flood destroyed homes and left 100 people dead in 1938.
For thousands of years, city planners have engineered water into submission — think aqueducts.
"That's really the core of modern water infrastructure," says David Sedlak, the author of Water 4.0. "It's the ancient idea that the Romans gave us. Collecting water somewhere on the outskirts of the city, sending it with gravity into the city, and then when we're done with it, we put it back underground in a sewer and send on its way."
It's the way most cities are designed. And you can hear the echoes of that ancient plumbing in Los Angeles, where rain answered prayers last month amid an epic drought. But that precious water is wasted when it slides off roofs and into sewers.
Some urban designers in LA see water scarcity as an opportunity. They say a downpour could be captured, turned into drinking water and used for irrigation.
But most of the time, it's banished — sent to a river and out to the ocean.
If you were to follow a drop of rain from the sky and onto an LA sidewalk, eventually you'd end up at the mouth of the Los Angeles River, which isn't really a river. Engineers turned it into a narrow concrete channel in the 1940s. Today, it's more like a 51-mile-long bathtub that empties out at the port of Long Beach.
Kayak guide Steve Appleton says this is a river in name only.
But really, it's a flood-control channel, which is why signs on the river prohibit anything recreational. In a rainstorm, all that runoff from the sewers could surge through the channel.
Of course, this river was once dangerous to more than kayakers. Before it was channelized, the?LA river could flood disastrously. Entire towns were wiped out, and in 1938, more than 100 people died.
With the river caged by concrete, "it stabilized this constant threat," Appleton says.
The city could develop right up to the river's edge, paving over the floodplain in the process.
The problem today is the city needs that rain. It can't afford to just send it out into the ocean anymore. Almost 80 percent of California is in extreme drought. （That's a technical term, just one notch shy of "exceptional" drought.）
And so there's a call now to build cities like sponges.
Over on Elmer Avenue, a working-class neighborhood, the city spent $2.7 million to make over the street with permeable driveways and snazzy drought-tolerant landscaping.
"I'd like all the blocks to look like this," says resident Rick Martin. "I can't imagine they would spend this kind of money for the whole city."
Hadley Arnold would love it if they did. She's the co-founder of the?Arid Lands Institute, a nonprofit based at Woodbury University in Burbank dedicated to the decidedly non-ancient Roman idea that cities should, wherever possible,?soak up every raindrop.
"In most of our neighborhoods in Los Angeles, we are required to send some stormwater off of our properties as fast as possible," Arnold says. "Get it into a storm drain, get it out to sea."
"In the future, we will be using water multiple times, and we will probably have multiple-grade waters."
Hadley Arnold, Arid Lands Institute
Elmer Avenue is an experimental block that soaks it up "to treat it as a precious resource," she adds.
Along each sidewalk is what's called a bioswale — a gully filled with drought-resistant plants. When it rains, the water collects and filters down into cisterns buried below the street.
"In an average rain year, this block puts enough water for approximately 30 families for a year into the ground," Arnold says.
The Arid Lands Institute would like to scale this up. It has mapped the region to help developers find the best spots for water to percolate down.
To Arnold, this is part of a grand urban design challenge. She says the peaked roofs on Elmer Avenue are designed for snow and ice, not the desert, and that they should be redesigned.
"Roofs that are like a wide mouth open to the sky," she says. "Roofs that are like a cup or a bowl, or an umbrella turned upside down."
This new design would help catch as much rain as possible.
And plumbing should be smarter, she says, meaning we should not be flushing our toilets with water we could drink.
"In the future, we will be using water multiple times, and we will probably have multiple-grade waters," she says.
Arnold imagines an entire city designed like this, like a sponge. It's a plan that might have surprised William Mulholland,the engineer who masterminded California's water system. Mulholland is memorialized by the city with a big Roman-style fountain.
Standing by the fountain, Arnold also wonders what the monuments of a much drier future might look like.
"The ace in our species pocket is the ability to innovate," Arnold says. "And I think the single biggest question in front of us right now is the rate at which we do it. Can we do it fast enough, given the urgency?"
來源：中國水工業(yè)網(wǎng)
南方日報訊 22日，財政部、住建部、水利部三部門共同組成評審專家組，在中國城市規(guī)劃設計研究院召開2016年海綿城市試點競爭性評審會議。珠海和深圳在公布的評選結果排序中分別位列第二和第六，雙雙正式入選第二批海綿城市建設試點，將分別獲得中央十多億元財政補助支持。
據(jù)了解，此次共有17個城市參加海綿城市試點競爭性評審，通過參評城市現(xiàn)場答辯，專家現(xiàn)場打分，最終現(xiàn)場公布成績，結果排序如下：福州、珠海、寧波、玉溪、大連、深圳、上海、慶陽、西寧、三亞、青島、固原、天津、北京、盤錦、呼和浩特、運城。分數(shù)排前14名的城市入選試點城市。
今年3月2日，財政部、住建部、水利部三部門決定啟動2016年中央財政支持海綿城市建設試點工作。
3月30日，廣東省住建廳聯(lián)合省財政廳、省水利廳組織技術專家召開評審會，對珠海、佛山、東莞、湛江4市的申報材料進行專家評分，珠海市得分第一，被推薦作為廣東省申報2016年中央財政支持海綿城市建設試點。深圳作為計劃單列市按文件精神不用參加廣東省內(nèi)競爭，由其自行直接上報財政部、住建部和水利部參加評審。
據(jù)悉，此次海綿城市建設試點城市申報成功后，中央財政將對試點城市給予專項資金補助，一定三年，具體補助數(shù)額按城市規(guī)模分檔確定，直轄市每年6億元，省會城市每年5億元，其他城市每年4億元。林郁鴻 范少鵬 李曉虹
國家住建部城建司副司長章林偉做客第一屆“長江生態(tài)講壇”
荊楚網(wǎng)訊 記者安立、通訊員藍靜
“海綿城市建設是全國各大城市未來發(fā)展的方向，現(xiàn)在緊缺懂海綿城市建設的交叉型人才，高校要趕緊培養(yǎng)。”4月23日，國家住建部城建司副司長章林偉在第一屆“長江生態(tài)講壇”上表示，海綿城市的建設不是簡單解決雨洪管理失控問題，而是要通過控制雨水徑流的各項舉措，解決城市的生態(tài)、資源、環(huán)境、安全等問題，恢復城市原始的水文生態(tài)特征。
如何建設海綿城市呢？章林偉提出，主要從源頭減排、過程控制、系統(tǒng)治理三個方面開展系統(tǒng)治理，并著重提出“多專業(yè)融合”這一模式。同時，章林偉還對武漢海綿城市建設提出了一點建議：“武漢水資源比較豐富，在海綿城市的建設中首先要解決水質的問題，建立水質模型，這是最重要的。”
章林偉建議武漢高校培養(yǎng)懂海綿城市建設的交叉型人才
“各種景觀、園林技術可以和給排水工程技術巧妙融合，使工程項目隱藏在景觀中，提升城市的美化度。”章林偉表示，系統(tǒng)治理涉及到頂層設計與規(guī)劃、給排水工程技術、園林景觀技術、微生物技術、污水處理技術等多個專業(yè)領域，只有推動各專業(yè)的融合，研究、探討、尋求最佳的技術路線，共同分擔社會和經(jīng)濟責任。
在當天的論壇上，章林偉指出目前各專業(yè)間太封閉，專業(yè)分類太細，融合度不高，“你不懂我的專業(yè)，我不懂你的專業(yè)，互相不理解，這樣不利于海綿城市的建設。”
“高校要趕緊培養(yǎng)懂海綿城市建設、懂多個專業(yè)的交叉型人才，這樣的人才現(xiàn)在到處都缺乏，都需要。”武漢高校多，教育資源豐富，章林偉建議當?shù)馗咝？梢远啻罱ǜ鲗I(yè)融合、交流平臺，各專業(yè)的師生在這一平臺上進行民主、自由、平等的學術交流，推動各專業(yè)觀點的碰撞和交流；此外，高校還可以調整專業(yè)課程結構，開展寬口徑的教學，讓學生學習更寬泛的基礎知識，然后通過專業(yè)實踐提升應用能力。
第一屆“長江生態(tài)講壇”由中國環(huán)境科學學會主辦、武漢工商學院承辦。據(jù)悉，該校目前正在與湖北君集水處理公司等校企聯(lián)合進行“海綿校園”技術的研發(fā)。
